vault backup: 2026-05-22 21:57:37
This commit is contained in:
Dmitry
Vendored
+3
-2
@@ -309,6 +309,9 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"active": "925b17bbb2735b88",
|
||||
"lastOpenFiles": [
|
||||
"00 Inbox/Подготовка Speaking.sync-conflict-20260522-185359-23DMR5O.md",
|
||||
"00 Inbox/Подготовка Speaking.sync-conflict-20260522-215348-23DMR5O.md",
|
||||
"99 System/Archive/31, 32 - Налоги.md",
|
||||
"00 Inbox/Подготовка Speaking.md",
|
||||
"04 Tools/SocialBase/04 Другие/Игорь Прохоров.md",
|
||||
"99 System/Cache/Pasted image 20260521134256.png",
|
||||
@@ -348,8 +351,6 @@
|
||||
"raw_links.txt",
|
||||
"all_links.tmp",
|
||||
"all_links.txt",
|
||||
"AGENTS.md",
|
||||
"CLAUDE.md",
|
||||
"99 System/Archive/eba27a8b-3c53-46ee-adc0-c9888ff705e1.pdf",
|
||||
"99 System/Archive/eb2b3804-7372-434a-a89f-a1027dfa9ee3.pdf",
|
||||
"99 System/Archive/e3621adb-fddb-45e8-bf26-6028a5ac5a71.pdf",
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
# This directory is a Syncthing folder marker.
|
||||
# Do not delete.
|
||||
|
||||
folderID: m3zka-ffmna
|
||||
created: 2026-05-22T21:53:44+03:00
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
status: seed
|
||||
type: concept
|
||||
tags: []
|
||||
created: 2025-12-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-21
|
||||
title: Подготовка Speaking
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Подготовка Speaking
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 7 - Law
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521131304.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132031.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132047.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132101.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132116.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Should people sue companies for damages?
|
||||
|
||||
> Стоит ли людям подавать в суд на компании за ущерб?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- responsibility of companies vs responsibility of consumers;
|
||||
- fair compensation vs exaggerated lawsuits.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hot coffee burns;
|
||||
- computer virus destroyed files.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Are lawsuits in the USA excessive?
|
||||
|
||||
> Судебных исков в США слишком много?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- lawsuits protect people;
|
||||
- lawsuits damage businesses and economy.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- huge compensation payments;
|
||||
- expensive legal system.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Consumer rights and protection
|
||||
|
||||
> Права и защита потребителей
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- companies must guarantee safety;
|
||||
- customers should be more careful themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- unhealthy food;
|
||||
- dangerous products;
|
||||
- misleading advertising.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Privacy and medical ethics
|
||||
|
||||
> Приватность и медицинская этика
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- hospitals need patient permission;
|
||||
- advertising vs privacy rights.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hospital commercial with a real patient.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Negotiating rent and apartment conditions
|
||||
|
||||
> Переговоры об аренде квартиры и условиях
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- negotiating the price;
|
||||
- discussing rules and responsibilities.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- deposit;
|
||||
- utilities;
|
||||
- pets and guests.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Business contract negotiation
|
||||
|
||||
> Переговоры по бизнес-контракту
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- reducing prices;
|
||||
- long-term cooperation and larger orders.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- supplier and customer;
|
||||
- discounts and contract conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Bargaining culture
|
||||
|
||||
> Культура торга
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- where bargaining is acceptable;
|
||||
- bargaining as useful or uncomfortable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- markets;
|
||||
- cars;
|
||||
- online marketplaces.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Corporate responsibility
|
||||
|
||||
> Ответственность компаний
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- companies should pay for mistakes;
|
||||
- too much pressure on businesses.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- unsafe products;
|
||||
- legal costs;
|
||||
- lawsuits against corporations.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Fair compensation
|
||||
|
||||
> Справедливая компенсация
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- how much money victims should receive;
|
||||
- emotional damage vs real financial loss.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- burns;
|
||||
- privacy violation;
|
||||
- damaged files.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Solving conflicts: court or negotiation?
|
||||
|
||||
> Решение конфликтов: суд или переговоры?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- court as the last solution;
|
||||
- negotiation and compromise are better.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- business disagreements;
|
||||
- customer complaints;
|
||||
- rental conflicts.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 8 - Brands
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132848.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132836.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132907.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132917.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. How can a company recover after bad publicity?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как компания может восстановиться после плохой репутации?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strong leadership and marketing;
|
||||
- improving product quality and public image.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Gucci brand recovery;
|
||||
- rebranding and advertising campaigns.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Why do luxury brands become successful?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему люксовые бренды становятся успешными?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- quality and exclusivity;
|
||||
- reputation and celebrity influence.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Gucci;
|
||||
- fashion industry;
|
||||
- luxury products.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Should people stop buying from unethical companies?
|
||||
|
||||
> Нужно ли переставать покупать товары неэтичных компаний?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- child labour and sweatshops;
|
||||
- separating product quality from company ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- consumers should boycott such brands;
|
||||
- one person cannot change global business.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Brand image and reputation
|
||||
|
||||
> Имидж и репутация бренда
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- importance of public opinion;
|
||||
- social media influence on reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- scandals;
|
||||
- bad publicity;
|
||||
- customer trust.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Leadership in business success
|
||||
|
||||
> Роль лидерства в успехе бизнеса
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strong managers save companies;
|
||||
- innovation and vision are important.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Tom Ford;
|
||||
- Domenico De Sole;
|
||||
- Gucci transformation.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Difficult people at work
|
||||
|
||||
> Трудные люди на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- conflict resolution;
|
||||
- communication strategies.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- aggressive coworkers;
|
||||
- lazy teammates;
|
||||
- controlling managers.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. How to deal with difficult personalities
|
||||
|
||||
> Как справляться со сложными типами личности
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- staying calm and professional;
|
||||
- compromise vs confrontation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные personality types
|
||||
- rude people;
|
||||
- passive-aggressive people;
|
||||
- overconfident colleagues.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Workplace communication
|
||||
|
||||
> Общение на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- formal vs informal communication;
|
||||
- importance of teamwork.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- office conflicts;
|
||||
- misunderstandings;
|
||||
- multicultural teams.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Interpersonal relationships at work
|
||||
|
||||
> Межличностные отношения на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- friendship with coworkers;
|
||||
- professional boundaries.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- close relationships improve teamwork;
|
||||
- too much informality causes problems.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Cultural differences in business communication
|
||||
|
||||
> Культурные различия в деловом общении
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- formal cultures vs informal cultures;
|
||||
- misunderstandings in international companies.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- socializing after work;
|
||||
- hierarchy in companies;
|
||||
- communication styles.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. The importance of reputation in business
|
||||
|
||||
> Важность репутации в бизнесе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- reputation affects sales;
|
||||
- rebuilding trust takes time.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- scandals;
|
||||
- public criticism;
|
||||
- customer loyalty.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Advertising and brand image
|
||||
|
||||
> Реклама и имидж бренда
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- advertising creates prestige;
|
||||
- marketing can manipulate consumers.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- luxury advertising;
|
||||
- fashion campaigns;
|
||||
- celebrity endorsements.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Solving workplace conflicts
|
||||
|
||||
> Решение конфликтов на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- negotiation and compromise;
|
||||
- direct discussion vs avoiding conflict.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- disagreements with coworkers;
|
||||
- communication problems in teams.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 9 - Investments
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133319.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133332.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133344.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521133824.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521133832.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. What kind of investor are you?
|
||||
|
||||
> Какой ты тип инвестора?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- risky vs safe investments;
|
||||
- long-term vs short-term strategy.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- bonds;
|
||||
- blue-chip shares;
|
||||
- high-tech companies;
|
||||
- startups.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Is taking financial risks good or dangerous?
|
||||
|
||||
> Финансовый риск — это хорошо или опасно?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- high risk can bring high returns;
|
||||
- too much risk leads to losses.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- careful investing is smarter;
|
||||
- without risk there is no success.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Which famous investor would you like to be?
|
||||
|
||||
> На какого известного инвестора ты хотел(а) бы быть похож(а)?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- Buffett's careful strategy;
|
||||
- Livermore's aggressive trading;
|
||||
- Paul Allen's innovative investments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- patience;
|
||||
- market analysis;
|
||||
- risky decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Why do investors make irrational decisions?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему инвесторы принимают иррациональные решения?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- emotions influence decisions;
|
||||
- people fear losses more than risks.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- panic selling;
|
||||
- overconfidence;
|
||||
- following trends.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Human psychology and finance
|
||||
|
||||
> Психология человека и финансы
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- intuition vs data;
|
||||
- emotional investing vs logical investing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- first impressions;
|
||||
- regret after bad decisions;
|
||||
- fear during crises.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Ethical investment
|
||||
|
||||
> Этичные инвестиции
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- investing only in responsible companies;
|
||||
- profit vs ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- sustainable companies;
|
||||
- environmental responsibility;
|
||||
- social impact.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Creating an ethical investment fund
|
||||
|
||||
> Создание фонда этичных инвестиций
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- how to choose ethical companies;
|
||||
- marketing and managing the fund.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hiring fund managers;
|
||||
- meeting journalists;
|
||||
- evaluating companies.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Should companies focus only on profit?
|
||||
|
||||
> Должны ли компании думать только о прибыли?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- money is the main goal of business;
|
||||
- social responsibility is also important.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- employee conditions;
|
||||
- product quality;
|
||||
- environmental issues.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Status and society
|
||||
|
||||
> Статус и общество
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- success measured by wealth;
|
||||
- success measured by quality of life and ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- rich people are respected more;
|
||||
- social contribution matters more than money.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Investment strategies
|
||||
|
||||
> Инвестиционные стратегии
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- buy-and-hold strategy;
|
||||
- active trading and speculation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Warren Buffett;
|
||||
- stock market trading;
|
||||
- diversification.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Why do businesses fail financially?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему компании терпят финансовые неудачи?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- poor management;
|
||||
- excessive risk-taking.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Barings Bank collapse;
|
||||
- falsified accounts;
|
||||
- bad leadership.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. The importance of patience in investing
|
||||
|
||||
> Важность терпения в инвестициях
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- long-term investing is safer;
|
||||
- people want quick profits too much.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Warren Buffett;
|
||||
- market crashes;
|
||||
- gradual growth.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Finance and morality
|
||||
|
||||
> Финансы и мораль
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- ethical limits in business;
|
||||
- responsibility of investors and corporations.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- sustainable investing;
|
||||
- exploitation of workers;
|
||||
- environmental damage.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 10 - Energy
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521134207.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521134228.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521134238.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521134256.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. How can people save energy?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как люди могут экономить энергию?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- changing everyday habits;
|
||||
- technology and energy efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- recycling;
|
||||
- reducing heating;
|
||||
- turning appliances off.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Energy crisis and the future
|
||||
|
||||
> Энергетический кризис и будущее
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- growing energy demand;
|
||||
- shortage of oil and gas.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- rising fuel prices;
|
||||
- increasing number of cars;
|
||||
- global energy consumption.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Will the world run out of oil?
|
||||
|
||||
> Закончится ли в мире нефть?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- alternative energy sources;
|
||||
- dependence on fossil fuels.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- technology will solve the problem;
|
||||
- society is too dependent on oil.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Renewable energy vs fossil fuels
|
||||
|
||||
> Возобновляемая энергия против ископаемого топлива
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- environmental benefits;
|
||||
- economic difficulties of transition.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- solar power;
|
||||
- wind energy;
|
||||
- oil industry.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. How will energy developments affect people?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как изменения в энергетике повлияют на людей?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- higher prices and lifestyle changes;
|
||||
- cleaner technologies and better environment.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- electric cars;
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- energy-saving homes.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Environmental responsibility
|
||||
|
||||
> Экологическая ответственность
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- individual responsibility;
|
||||
- government and corporate responsibility.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- recycling;
|
||||
- reducing pollution;
|
||||
- saving electricity.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Everyday ways to reduce pollution
|
||||
|
||||
> Повседневные способы уменьшить загрязнение
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- simple personal actions;
|
||||
- whether small actions really help.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- shorter showers;
|
||||
- less car use;
|
||||
- energy-efficient lighting.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Approaches to solving problems
|
||||
|
||||
> Подходы к решению проблем
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strict rules vs flexible solutions;
|
||||
- culture influences decision-making.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- rules are more important;
|
||||
- relationships and context matter more.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Cultural differences in problem-solving
|
||||
|
||||
> Культурные различия в решении проблем
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- universalist cultures;
|
||||
- particularist cultures.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- following rules;
|
||||
- adapting to situations;
|
||||
- importance of personal relationships.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. How should managers solve workplace problems?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как менеджеры должны решать проблемы на работе?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- communication and teamwork;
|
||||
- fast decisions vs careful analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- employee mistakes;
|
||||
- technical problems;
|
||||
- project delays.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. The future of transportation and energy
|
||||
|
||||
> Будущее транспорта и энергетики
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- electric vehicles;
|
||||
- reducing car dependence.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- fuel prices;
|
||||
- environmental impact.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Is modern society too dependent on energy?
|
||||
|
||||
> Современное общество слишком зависит от энергии?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- technology cannot function without energy;
|
||||
- society should reduce consumption.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- transportation;
|
||||
- electronics;
|
||||
- industry.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Climate change and energy consumption
|
||||
|
||||
> Изменение климата и потребление энергии
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- fossil fuels accelerate global warming;
|
||||
- economic growth increases energy demand.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- pollution;
|
||||
- rising temperatures;
|
||||
- industrial growth.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Полезные обороты
|
||||
|
||||
### Согласие
|
||||
- I agree to some extent.
|
||||
- That's a good point.
|
||||
- I understand your opinion.
|
||||
|
||||
### Несогласие
|
||||
- I'm not sure I agree.
|
||||
- I see it differently.
|
||||
- That may be true, but…
|
||||
|
||||
### Выигрыш времени
|
||||
- Let me think about that.
|
||||
- It depends on the situation.
|
||||
- In my opinion…
|
||||
|
||||
### Для развития разговора
|
||||
- What do you think?
|
||||
- Can you give an example?
|
||||
- Why do you think so?
|
||||
- Would that really work?
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
status: seed
|
||||
type: concept
|
||||
tags: []
|
||||
created: 2025-12-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-21
|
||||
title: Подготовка Speaking
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# Подготовка Speaking
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 7 - Law
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521131304.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132031.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132047.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132101.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132116.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Should people sue companies for damages?
|
||||
|
||||
> Стоит ли людям подавать в суд на компании за ущерб?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- responsibility of companies vs responsibility of consumers;
|
||||
- fair compensation vs exaggerated lawsuits.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hot coffee burns;
|
||||
- computer virus destroyed files.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Are lawsuits in the USA excessive?
|
||||
|
||||
> Судебных исков в США слишком много?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- lawsuits protect people;
|
||||
- lawsuits damage businesses and economy.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- huge compensation payments;
|
||||
- expensive legal system.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Consumer rights and protection
|
||||
|
||||
> Права и защита потребителей
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- companies must guarantee safety;
|
||||
- customers should be more careful themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- unhealthy food;
|
||||
- dangerous products;
|
||||
- misleading advertising.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Privacy and medical ethics
|
||||
|
||||
> Приватность и медицинская этика
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- hospitals need patient permission;
|
||||
- advertising vs privacy rights.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hospital commercial with a real patient.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Negotiating rent and apartment conditions
|
||||
|
||||
> Переговоры об аренде квартиры и условиях
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- negotiating the price;
|
||||
- discussing rules and responsibilities.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- deposit;
|
||||
- utilities;
|
||||
- pets and guests.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Business contract negotiation
|
||||
|
||||
> Переговоры по бизнес-контракту
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- reducing prices;
|
||||
- long-term cooperation and larger orders.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- supplier and customer;
|
||||
- discounts and contract conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Bargaining culture
|
||||
|
||||
> Культура торга
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- where bargaining is acceptable;
|
||||
- bargaining as useful or uncomfortable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- markets;
|
||||
- cars;
|
||||
- online marketplaces.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Corporate responsibility
|
||||
|
||||
> Ответственность компаний
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- companies should pay for mistakes;
|
||||
- too much pressure on businesses.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- unsafe products;
|
||||
- legal costs;
|
||||
- lawsuits against corporations.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Fair compensation
|
||||
|
||||
> Справедливая компенсация
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- how much money victims should receive;
|
||||
- emotional damage vs real financial loss.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- burns;
|
||||
- privacy violation;
|
||||
- damaged files.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Solving conflicts: court or negotiation?
|
||||
|
||||
> Решение конфликтов: суд или переговоры?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- court as the last solution;
|
||||
- negotiation and compromise are better.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- business disagreements;
|
||||
- customer complaints;
|
||||
- rental conflicts.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 8 - Brands
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132848.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132836.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132907.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521132917.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. How can a company recover after bad publicity?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как компания может восстановиться после плохой репутации?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strong leadership and marketing;
|
||||
- improving product quality and public image.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Gucci brand recovery;
|
||||
- rebranding and advertising campaigns.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Why do luxury brands become successful?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему люксовые бренды становятся успешными?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- quality and exclusivity;
|
||||
- reputation and celebrity influence.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Gucci;
|
||||
- fashion industry;
|
||||
- luxury products.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Should people stop buying from unethical companies?
|
||||
|
||||
> Нужно ли переставать покупать товары неэтичных компаний?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- child labour and sweatshops;
|
||||
- separating product quality from company ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- consumers should boycott such brands;
|
||||
- one person cannot change global business.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Brand image and reputation
|
||||
|
||||
> Имидж и репутация бренда
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- importance of public opinion;
|
||||
- social media influence on reputation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- scandals;
|
||||
- bad publicity;
|
||||
- customer trust.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Leadership in business success
|
||||
|
||||
> Роль лидерства в успехе бизнеса
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strong managers save companies;
|
||||
- innovation and vision are important.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Tom Ford;
|
||||
- Domenico De Sole;
|
||||
- Gucci transformation.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Difficult people at work
|
||||
|
||||
> Трудные люди на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- conflict resolution;
|
||||
- communication strategies.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- aggressive coworkers;
|
||||
- lazy teammates;
|
||||
- controlling managers.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. How to deal with difficult personalities
|
||||
|
||||
> Как справляться со сложными типами личности
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- staying calm and professional;
|
||||
- compromise vs confrontation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные personality types
|
||||
- rude people;
|
||||
- passive-aggressive people;
|
||||
- overconfident colleagues.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Workplace communication
|
||||
|
||||
> Общение на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- formal vs informal communication;
|
||||
- importance of teamwork.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- office conflicts;
|
||||
- misunderstandings;
|
||||
- multicultural teams.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Interpersonal relationships at work
|
||||
|
||||
> Межличностные отношения на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- friendship with coworkers;
|
||||
- professional boundaries.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- close relationships improve teamwork;
|
||||
- too much informality causes problems.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Cultural differences in business communication
|
||||
|
||||
> Культурные различия в деловом общении
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- formal cultures vs informal cultures;
|
||||
- misunderstandings in international companies.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- socializing after work;
|
||||
- hierarchy in companies;
|
||||
- communication styles.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. The importance of reputation in business
|
||||
|
||||
> Важность репутации в бизнесе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- reputation affects sales;
|
||||
- rebuilding trust takes time.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- scandals;
|
||||
- public criticism;
|
||||
- customer loyalty.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Advertising and brand image
|
||||
|
||||
> Реклама и имидж бренда
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- advertising creates prestige;
|
||||
- marketing can manipulate consumers.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- luxury advertising;
|
||||
- fashion campaigns;
|
||||
- celebrity endorsements.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Solving workplace conflicts
|
||||
|
||||
> Решение конфликтов на работе
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- negotiation and compromise;
|
||||
- direct discussion vs avoiding conflict.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- disagreements with coworkers;
|
||||
- communication problems in teams.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 9 - Investments
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133319.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133332.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521133344.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521133824.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521133832.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. What kind of investor are you?
|
||||
|
||||
> Какой ты тип инвестора?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- risky vs safe investments;
|
||||
- long-term vs short-term strategy.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- bonds;
|
||||
- blue-chip shares;
|
||||
- high-tech companies;
|
||||
- startups.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Is taking financial risks good or dangerous?
|
||||
|
||||
> Финансовый риск — это хорошо или опасно?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- high risk can bring high returns;
|
||||
- too much risk leads to losses.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- careful investing is smarter;
|
||||
- without risk there is no success.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Which famous investor would you like to be?
|
||||
|
||||
> На какого известного инвестора ты хотел(а) бы быть похож(а)?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- Buffett's careful strategy;
|
||||
- Livermore's aggressive trading;
|
||||
- Paul Allen's innovative investments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- patience;
|
||||
- market analysis;
|
||||
- risky decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Why do investors make irrational decisions?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему инвесторы принимают иррациональные решения?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- emotions influence decisions;
|
||||
- people fear losses more than risks.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- panic selling;
|
||||
- overconfidence;
|
||||
- following trends.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Human psychology and finance
|
||||
|
||||
> Психология человека и финансы
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- intuition vs data;
|
||||
- emotional investing vs logical investing.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- first impressions;
|
||||
- regret after bad decisions;
|
||||
- fear during crises.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Ethical investment
|
||||
|
||||
> Этичные инвестиции
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- investing only in responsible companies;
|
||||
- profit vs ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- sustainable companies;
|
||||
- environmental responsibility;
|
||||
- social impact.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Creating an ethical investment fund
|
||||
|
||||
> Создание фонда этичных инвестиций
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- how to choose ethical companies;
|
||||
- marketing and managing the fund.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- hiring fund managers;
|
||||
- meeting journalists;
|
||||
- evaluating companies.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Should companies focus only on profit?
|
||||
|
||||
> Должны ли компании думать только о прибыли?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- money is the main goal of business;
|
||||
- social responsibility is also important.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- employee conditions;
|
||||
- product quality;
|
||||
- environmental issues.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Status and society
|
||||
|
||||
> Статус и общество
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- success measured by wealth;
|
||||
- success measured by quality of life and ethics.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- rich people are respected more;
|
||||
- social contribution matters more than money.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Investment strategies
|
||||
|
||||
> Инвестиционные стратегии
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- buy-and-hold strategy;
|
||||
- active trading and speculation.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Warren Buffett;
|
||||
- stock market trading;
|
||||
- diversification.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Why do businesses fail financially?
|
||||
|
||||
> Почему компании терпят финансовые неудачи?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- poor management;
|
||||
- excessive risk-taking.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Barings Bank collapse;
|
||||
- falsified accounts;
|
||||
- bad leadership.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. The importance of patience in investing
|
||||
|
||||
> Важность терпения в инвестициях
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- long-term investing is safer;
|
||||
- people want quick profits too much.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- Warren Buffett;
|
||||
- market crashes;
|
||||
- gradual growth.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Finance and morality
|
||||
|
||||
> Финансы и мораль
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- ethical limits in business;
|
||||
- responsibility of investors and corporations.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- sustainable investing;
|
||||
- exploitation of workers;
|
||||
- environmental damage.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Unit 10 - Energy
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521134207.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521134228.png|500]]![[Pasted image 20260521134238.png|500]]
|
||||
![[Pasted image 20260521134256.png|500]]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. How can people save energy?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как люди могут экономить энергию?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- changing everyday habits;
|
||||
- technology and energy efficiency.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- recycling;
|
||||
- reducing heating;
|
||||
- turning appliances off.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Energy crisis and the future
|
||||
|
||||
> Энергетический кризис и будущее
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- growing energy demand;
|
||||
- shortage of oil and gas.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- rising fuel prices;
|
||||
- increasing number of cars;
|
||||
- global energy consumption.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Will the world run out of oil?
|
||||
|
||||
> Закончится ли в мире нефть?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- alternative energy sources;
|
||||
- dependence on fossil fuels.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- technology will solve the problem;
|
||||
- society is too dependent on oil.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Renewable energy vs fossil fuels
|
||||
|
||||
> Возобновляемая энергия против ископаемого топлива
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- environmental benefits;
|
||||
- economic difficulties of transition.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- solar power;
|
||||
- wind energy;
|
||||
- oil industry.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. How will energy developments affect people?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как изменения в энергетике повлияют на людей?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- higher prices and lifestyle changes;
|
||||
- cleaner technologies and better environment.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- electric cars;
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- energy-saving homes.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Environmental responsibility
|
||||
|
||||
> Экологическая ответственность
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- individual responsibility;
|
||||
- government and corporate responsibility.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- recycling;
|
||||
- reducing pollution;
|
||||
- saving electricity.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Everyday ways to reduce pollution
|
||||
|
||||
> Повседневные способы уменьшить загрязнение
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- simple personal actions;
|
||||
- whether small actions really help.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- shorter showers;
|
||||
- less car use;
|
||||
- energy-efficient lighting.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Approaches to solving problems
|
||||
|
||||
> Подходы к решению проблем
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- strict rules vs flexible solutions;
|
||||
- culture influences decision-making.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Возможные позиции
|
||||
- rules are more important;
|
||||
- relationships and context matter more.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Cultural differences in problem-solving
|
||||
|
||||
> Культурные различия в решении проблем
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- universalist cultures;
|
||||
- particularist cultures.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- following rules;
|
||||
- adapting to situations;
|
||||
- importance of personal relationships.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. How should managers solve workplace problems?
|
||||
|
||||
> Как менеджеры должны решать проблемы на работе?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- communication and teamwork;
|
||||
- fast decisions vs careful analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- employee mistakes;
|
||||
- technical problems;
|
||||
- project delays.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. The future of transportation and energy
|
||||
|
||||
> Будущее транспорта и энергетики
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- electric vehicles;
|
||||
- reducing car dependence.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- public transport;
|
||||
- fuel prices;
|
||||
- environmental impact.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Is modern society too dependent on energy?
|
||||
|
||||
> Современное общество слишком зависит от энергии?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- technology cannot function without energy;
|
||||
- society should reduce consumption.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- transportation;
|
||||
- electronics;
|
||||
- industry.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Climate change and energy consumption
|
||||
|
||||
> Изменение климата и потребление энергии
|
||||
|
||||
#### Темы для развития
|
||||
- fossil fuels accelerate global warming;
|
||||
- economic growth increases energy demand.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Примеры
|
||||
- pollution;
|
||||
- rising temperatures;
|
||||
- industrial growth.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Полезные обороты
|
||||
|
||||
### Согласие
|
||||
- I agree to some extent.
|
||||
- That's a good point.
|
||||
- I understand your opinion.
|
||||
|
||||
### Несогласие
|
||||
- I'm not sure I agree.
|
||||
- I see it differently.
|
||||
- That may be true, but…
|
||||
|
||||
### Выигрыш времени
|
||||
- Let me think about that.
|
||||
- It depends on the situation.
|
||||
- In my opinion…
|
||||
|
||||
### Для развития разговора
|
||||
- What do you think?
|
||||
- Can you give an example?
|
||||
- Why do you think so?
|
||||
- Would that really work?
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
---
|
||||
status: seed
|
||||
type: knowledge
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- study
|
||||
- taxes
|
||||
created: 2025-12-17
|
||||
updated: 2026-05-07
|
||||
title: 31, 32 - Налоги
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
# 31, 32 - Налоги
|
||||
|
||||
## Задача 31
|
||||
|
||||
ВВП страны составило **2,105 млрд $**
|
||||
Имеются следующие данные по годовому бюджету:
|
||||
|
||||
|вид дохода|сумма|доля|вид расхода|сумма|доля|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
|Налоговые доходы|286|77,9|Военные расходы|126|34,3|
|
||||
|Неналоговые доходы|81|22,1|Невоенные расходы|241|65,7|
|
||||
|Итого|367|100|Итого|367|100|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||
|Налоговые доходы|288,53|70|Военные расходы|171,188|41|
|
||||
|Неналоговые доходы|123,66|30|Невоенные расходы|241|59|
|
||||
|Итого|412,188|100|Итого|412,188|100|
|
||||
|
||||
Норматив налоговых доходов для страны 70-80% от общей суммы доходов бюджетов.
|
||||
Страна вступила в военный конфликт, в связи с чем ожидается рост военных расходов.
|
||||
Рассчитать, при каком объеме военных расходов страна достигнет нижней границы норматива налоговых доходов, если:
|
||||
_1) Каждый доп.доллар военных расходов будет давать 0,55$ увеличения ВВП страны._
|
||||
_2) Темпы прироста налоговых поступлений равна 0,75 от темпов прироста ВВП._
|
||||
_3) Невоенные расходы неизменны._
|
||||
_4) Бюджет страны будет сбалансирован при любом изменении._
|
||||
|
||||
Рассчитать будущее ВВП и бюджет страны, включая налоговые доходы и соотношение военных расходов и ВВП.
|
||||
Бюджет представить в виде таблицы
|
||||
|
||||
Пусть x - сумма увеличения военных расходов. Тогда сумма увеличения ВВП - 0,55x
|
||||
|
||||
k - коэффициент прироста ВВП = \(0,55x = 2,105k\) \(=>\) \(x = \frac{2,105}{0,55}k=3,828k\)
|
||||
|
||||
\(0,75k - \text{коэффициент прироста налоговых поступлений}\)
|
||||
|
||||
\(Б \text{ - будущий бюджет страны}\)
|
||||
|
||||
\[0,7Б => Б = \frac{286}{0,7} + \frac{286*0,75}{0,7}k\]
|
||||
|
||||
\(286*(1+0,75k) - \text{сумма налоговых поступлений с приростом}\)
|
||||
|
||||
\[Б = 367 + x = 367 + 4210k \\ \frac{286*(1+0,8k)}{0,7} = 367 + 4210k => k = 0,0107\]
|
||||
|
||||
\(X = 3,828*0,0107 = 45\) млрд. долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
\(Б = 367 + 45 = 412\) млрд. долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
Будущие военные расходы \(= 126 + 45 = 171\) млрд долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
Будущий ВВП \(= 2105 + 45*0,05 = 2127,5\) млрд долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
Соотношение военных расходов и ВВП \(= \frac{171}{2127,5} * 100\% = 8\%\)
|
||||
|
||||
Будущие налоговые доходы \(= 286 + 0,8*0,0107*286 = 288,45\) млрд. долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Задача 32
|
||||
|
||||
ВВП страны за год составил 950 млрд долларов США.
|
||||
|
||||
За год в бюджет поступило:
|
||||
|
||||
1. НДС — **100** млрд долларов США
|
||||
2. Налог на прибыль — 60 млрд долларов США
|
||||
3. НДФЛ — **70** млрд долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
Базовая ставка НДС 18%, базовая ставка налога на прибыль 20%, базовая ставка НДФЛ 13%.
|
||||
|
||||
Правительство планирует увеличить базовую ставку НДС до 22%, налога на прибыль до 25%, НДФЛ до 15%
|
||||
|
||||
Изменение ВВП обратно изменению ставок:
|
||||
|
||||
|Налог|Изменение ставки, %|Изменение ВВП, %|
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
|НДС|1|0,25|
|
||||
|2|0,5|
|
||||
|3|1,5|
|
||||
|4|5|
|
||||
|5|15|
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
|Налог на прибыль|1|0,1|
|
||||
|2|0,3|
|
||||
|3|0,8|
|
||||
|4|2|
|
||||
|5|4,5|
|
||||
|---|---|---|
|
||||
|НДФЛ|1|0,2|
|
||||
|2|0,5|
|
||||
|3|1,2|
|
||||
|4|3,5|
|
||||
|5|8|
|
||||
|
||||
Темпы прироста поступления налогов в бюджет
|
||||
|
||||
НДС — 0,8*
|
||||
|
||||
Налог на прибыль — 4*
|
||||
|
||||
НДФЛ — 1,5*
|
||||
|
||||
*по отношению к темпам прироста ВВП
|
||||
|
||||
Рассчитать сумму и коэффициент прироста поступления НДС, налога на прибыль и НДФЛ в планируемом году при одновременном изменении ставок по ним. Другие макроэкономические факторы остаются неизменные.
|
||||
|
||||
Рассчитаем планируемое ВВП за счет одновременного изменения ставок трех налогов:
|
||||
|
||||
$ВВП = 950 * \frac{(100-5)}{100} * \frac{(100-4,5)}{100} * \frac{(100-0,5)}{100} = 857,6 \text{ млрд. долларов США}$
|
||||
|
||||
Темп прироста:
|
||||
|
||||
$ВВП = (ВВП_{\text{планир}} - ВВП_{\text{баз}})/ВВП_{\text{баз}} * 100\% = \frac{857,6-950}{950}*100\% = -9,73\%$
|
||||
|
||||
Темпы прироста $НДС = -9,73*0,8 = -7,78\%$
|
||||
|
||||
Темп прироста $\text{налога на прибыль} = -9,73*4 = -38,92%$
|
||||
|
||||
Темп прироста НДФЛ = -9,73*1,5 = -14,595%
|
||||
|
||||
Планируемое поступление налогов без учета изменения ставок:
|
||||
|
||||
- НДС: $\frac{100(100-7,78)}{100}=92,22 \text{ млрд. долларов США}$
|
||||
- Налог на прибыль: $\frac{60(100-38,92)}{100} = 36,648$ млрд. долларов США
|
||||
- НДФЛ: $\frac{70(100-14,595)}{950} = 59,7835$ млрд. долларов США
|
||||
|
||||
## Связанные заметки
|
||||
- [[Налогообложение в России]]
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user