fix(api): все роутеры за авторизацией, отказ от слабого JWT_SECRET, лимитер и X-Forwarded-For

get_current_user навешивается на роутер целиком, публичными остаются только health и auth (список закреплён tests/api/test_route_auth.py). API не стартует с плейсхолдером или коротким JWT_SECRET без ALLOW_DEV_SECRET=1. Лимитер логинов ограничен по числу ключей. Клиентский IP берётся из последнего хопа X-Forwarded-For.

backend/src/fintracker/api/app.py

@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from typing import Any
 
-from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
 from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
 from fastapi.routing import APIRoute
 
 from fintracker import __version__
+from fintracker.api.deps import get_current_user
 from fintracker.api.errors import install_error_handlers
 from fintracker.api.routers import (
     accounts,
@@ -44,6 +45,10 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 API_PREFIX = "/api/v1"
 
+_AUTHENTICATED = [Depends(get_current_user)]
+"""Applied per router: a handler that forgets `CurrentUser` is still closed. Only `health` and
+`auth` are mounted without it; `tests/api/test_route_auth.py` pins that list."""
+
 
 def _operation_id(route: APIRoute) -> str:
     # "auth_login" instead of "login_api_v1_auth_login_post": readable Dart method names
@@ -55,7 +60,12 @@ def _operation_id(route: APIRoute) -> str:
 async def _lifespan(app: FastAPI) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
     settings = get_settings()
     if settings.is_dev_secret:
-        log.warning("JWT_SECRET is the insecure development default")
+        if not settings.allow_dev_secret:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "JWT_SECRET is missing, a placeholder or shorter than 32 characters; "
+                "set a real one (`openssl rand -hex 32`) or ALLOW_DEV_SECRET=1 for local dev"
+            )
+        log.warning("JWT_SECRET is weak; allowed by ALLOW_DEV_SECRET")
     yield
     await reset_engine()
 
@@ -83,29 +93,29 @@ def create_app() -> FastAPI:
     _install_openapi(app)
     app.include_router(health.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
     app.include_router(auth.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(sync.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(accounts.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(categories.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(transactions.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(rules.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(networth.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(cashflow.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(analytics.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(events.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(imports.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
+    app.include_router(sync.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(accounts.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(categories.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(transactions.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(rules.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(networth.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(cashflow.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(analytics.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(events.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(imports.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
     # Before `instruments`: FastAPI matches in registration order, and `/instruments/{id}`
     # typed `int` does not fall through on a non-numeric segment — it answers 422. So
     # `/instruments/pending` has to be declared first or it becomes unreachable.
-    app.include_router(imports.pending_router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(instruments.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(links.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(metrics.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(goals.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(income.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(rebalance.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(tax.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(benchmarks.router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
-    app.include_router(benchmarks.analytics_router, prefix=API_PREFIX)
+    app.include_router(imports.pending_router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(instruments.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(links.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(metrics.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(goals.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(income.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(rebalance.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(tax.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(benchmarks.router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
+    app.include_router(benchmarks.analytics_router, prefix=API_PREFIX, dependencies=_AUTHENTICATED)
     if settings.web_dir is not None:
         mount_web(app, settings.web_dir, API_PREFIX)
     return app

backend/src/fintracker/api/deps.py

@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ CurrentUser = Annotated[AppUser, Depends(get_current_user)]
 
 
 def client_ip(request: Request) -> str:
+    # Caddy overwrites a client-supplied X-Forwarded-For with the real peer address; if a
+    # proxy ever appends instead, the last hop is the one our own proxy vouches for.
     fwd = request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for")
     if fwd:
-        return fwd.split(",")[0].strip()
+        return fwd.rsplit(",", 1)[-1].strip()
     return request.client.host if request.client else "unknown"

backend/src/fintracker/api/ratelimit.py

@@ -7,19 +7,24 @@ default, so this is the only brute-force protection — keep it.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import time
-from collections import defaultdict, deque
+from collections import deque
 
 
 class SlidingWindowLimiter:
-    def __init__(self, limit: int, window_seconds: float = 60.0) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, limit: int, window_seconds: float = 60.0, max_keys: int = 10_000) -> None:
         self.limit = limit
         self.window = window_seconds
-        self._hits: dict[str, deque[float]] = defaultdict(deque)
+        self.max_keys = max_keys
+        self._hits: dict[str, deque[float]] = {}
 
     def hit(self, key: str) -> float | None:
         """Register an attempt. Returns seconds to wait if over the limit, else None."""
         now = time.monotonic()
-        q = self._hits[key]
+        q = self._hits.get(key)
+        if q is None:
+            if len(self._hits) >= self.max_keys:
+                self._evict(now)
+            q = self._hits[key] = deque()
         while q and now - q[0] > self.window:
             q.popleft()
         if len(q) >= self.limit:
@@ -29,3 +34,10 @@ class SlidingWindowLimiter:
 
     def reset(self, key: str) -> None:
         self._hits.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _evict(self, now: float) -> None:
+        """Make room for one more key: drop the expired ones, then the oldest if still full."""
+        for k in [k for k, q in self._hits.items() if not q or now - q[-1] > self.window]:
+            del self._hits[k]
+        if len(self._hits) >= self.max_keys:
+            del self._hits[next(iter(self._hits))]  # dicts keep insertion order

backend/src/fintracker/config.py

@@ -27,14 +27,17 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     jwt_secret: str = "dev-insecure-secret-change-me"
     access_token_ttl_seconds: int = 3600
     refresh_token_ttl_seconds: int = 30 * 86400
+    allow_dev_secret: bool = False
+    """Let the API start with a weak `JWT_SECRET` (local development only)."""
     login_rate_limit_per_minute: int = 5
+    max_upload_bytes: int = 25 * 1024 * 1024
+    """Ceiling for one broker report; Caddy enforces a slightly larger one in front."""
 
     cors_origins: str = ""
     """Comma-separated origins for the Flutter web build when it is NOT served by Caddy
     from the same origin (e.g. `flutter run -d chrome` during development)."""
 
     timezone: str = "Europe/Moscow"
-    uploads_dir: Path = Path("/data/uploads")
     web_dir: Path | None = None
     """Optional Flutter web build to serve at `/` (dev convenience; Caddy does this in prod)."""
     log_level: str = "INFO"
@@ -71,7 +74,9 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 
     @property
     def is_dev_secret(self) -> bool:
-        return self.jwt_secret.startswith("dev-insecure")
+        """The built-in default, the `.env.example` placeholder, or a secret too short to sign."""
+        s = self.jwt_secret
+        return s.startswith("dev-insecure") or "change-me" in s or len(s) < 32
 
 
 @lru_cache

backend/tests/api/test_route_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Every route answers 401 without a token, except a short, explicit list of public ones."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+
+from fintracker.api.app import API_PREFIX
+
+PUBLIC = {
+    ("GET", f"{API_PREFIX}/health"),
+    ("POST", f"{API_PREFIX}/auth/login"),
+    ("POST", f"{API_PREFIX}/auth/refresh"),
+    ("POST", f"{API_PREFIX}/auth/logout"),
+}
+
+
+def _routes(app) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """(METHOD, path) for every documented operation. Walks the OpenAPI schema rather than
+    `app.routes`: FastAPI nests included routers there in a private wrapper type."""
+    return sorted(
+        (method.upper(), path) for path, item in app.openapi()["paths"].items() for method in item
+    )
+
+
+async def test_every_route_but_the_public_ones_requires_a_token(app, client):
+    routes = _routes(app)
+    assert len(routes) > 50  # guards against the walk silently matching nothing
+    assert set(routes) >= PUBLIC  # a renamed public route must update this list, not vanish
+
+    open_routes = []
+    for method, path in routes:
+        if (method, path) in PUBLIC:
+            continue
+        url = re.sub(r"\{[^}]+\}", "1", path)
+        r = await client.request(method, url)
+        if r.status_code != 401:
+            open_routes.append(f"{method} {path} -> {r.status_code}")
+    assert not open_routes, "reachable without a token:\n" + "\n".join(open_routes)

backend/tests/test_auth.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import pytest
+
+
 async def test_login_refresh_logout_cycle(client, user):
     r = await client.post("/api/v1/auth/login", json=user)
     assert r.status_code == 200, r.text
@@ -41,3 +44,41 @@ async def test_protected_routes_need_token(client):
     assert r.status_code == 401
     r = await client.get("/api/v1/auth/me", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer garbage"})
     assert r.status_code == 401
+
+
+def test_client_ip_trusts_only_the_last_forwarded_hop():
+    from starlette.requests import Request
+
+    from fintracker.api.deps import client_ip
+
+    def req(xff: str) -> Request:
+        return Request({"type": "http", "headers": [(b"x-forwarded-for", xff.encode())]})
+
+    assert client_ip(req("1.2.3.4")) == "1.2.3.4"
+    assert client_ip(req("6.6.6.6, 1.2.3.4")) == "1.2.3.4"
+
+
+def test_limiter_evicts_instead_of_growing_without_bound():
+    from fintracker.api.ratelimit import SlidingWindowLimiter
+
+    limiter = SlidingWindowLimiter(limit=1, max_keys=3)
+    for i in range(10):
+        assert limiter.hit(f"ip-{i}") is None
+    assert len(limiter._hits) <= 3
+    assert limiter.hit("ip-9") is not None  # the freshest key keeps its state
+
+
+async def test_weak_jwt_secret_refuses_to_start(monkeypatch):
+    from fintracker.api.app import _lifespan
+    from fintracker.config import get_settings
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("JWT_SECRET", "change-me")
+    monkeypatch.delenv("ALLOW_DEV_SECRET", raising=False)
+    get_settings.cache_clear()
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="JWT_SECRET"):
+            async with _lifespan(None):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                pass
+    finally:
+        monkeypatch.undo()
+        get_settings.cache_clear()